损失功能

def mse(predictions, targets):
    n = len(predictions)
    total = 0.0
    for p, t in zip(predictions, targets):
        total += (p - t) ** 2
    return total / n

def mse_gradient(predictions, targets):
    n = len(predictions)
    grads = []
    for p, t in zip(predictions, targets):
        grads.append(2.0 * (p - t) / n)
    return grads

import math

def binary_cross_entropy(predictions, targets, eps=1e-15):
    n = len(predictions)
    total = 0.0
    for p, t in zip(predictions, targets):
        p_clipped = max(eps, min(1 - eps, p))
        total += -(t * math.log(p_clipped) + (1 - t) * math.log(1 - p_clipped))
    return total / n

def bce_gradient(predictions, targets, eps=1e-15):
    grads = []
    for p, t in zip(predictions, targets):
        p_clipped = max(eps, min(1 - eps, p))
        grads.append(-(t / p_clipped) + (1 - t) / (1 - p_clipped))
    return grads

def softmax(logits):
    max_val = max(logits)
    exps = [math.exp(x - max_val) for x in logits]
    total = sum(exps)
    return [e / total for e in exps]

def categorical_cross_entropy(logits, target_index, eps=1e-15):
    probs = softmax(logits)
    p = max(eps, probs[target_index])
    return -math.log(p)

def cce_gradient(logits, target_index):
    probs = softmax(logits)
    grads = list(probs)
    grads[target_index] -= 1.0
    return grads

def label_smoothed_cce(logits, target_index, num_classes, alpha=0.1, eps=1e-15):
    probs = softmax(logits)
    loss = 0.0
    for i in range(num_classes):
        if i == target_index:
            smooth_target = 1.0 - alpha + alpha / num_classes
        else:
            smooth_target = alpha / num_classes
        p = max(eps, probs[i])
        loss += -smooth_target * math.log(p)
    return loss

def cosine_similarity(a, b):
    dot = sum(x * y for x, y in zip(a, b))
    norm_a = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in a))
    norm_b = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in b))
    if norm_a < 1e-10 or norm_b < 1e-10:
        return 0.0
    return dot / (norm_a * norm_b)

def contrastive_loss(anchor, positive, negatives, temperature=0.07):
    sim_pos = cosine_similarity(anchor, positive) / temperature
    sim_negs = [cosine_similarity(anchor, neg) / temperature for neg in negatives]

    max_sim = max(sim_pos, max(sim_negs)) if sim_negs else sim_pos
    exp_pos = math.exp(sim_pos - max_sim)
    exp_negs = [math.exp(s - max_sim) for s in sim_negs]
    total_exp = exp_pos + sum(exp_negs)

    return -math.log(max(1e-15, exp_pos / total_exp))

import random

def sigmoid(x):
    x = max(-500, min(500, x))
    return 1.0 / (1.0 + math.exp(-x))

def make_circle_data(n=200, seed=42):
    random.seed(seed)
    data = []
    for _ in range(n):
        x = random.uniform(-2, 2)
        y = random.uniform(-2, 2)
        label = 1.0 if x * x + y * y < 1.5 else 0.0
        data.append(([x, y], label))
    return data


class LossComparisonNetwork:
    def __init__(self, loss_type="bce", hidden_size=8, lr=0.1):
        random.seed(0)
        self.loss_type = loss_type
        self.lr = lr
        self.hidden_size = hidden_size

        self.w1 = [[random.gauss(0, 0.5) for _ in range(2)] for _ in range(hidden_size)]
        self.b1 = [0.0] * hidden_size
        self.w2 = [random.gauss(0, 0.5) for _ in range(hidden_size)]
        self.b2 = 0.0

    def forward(self, x):
        self.x = x
        self.z1 = []
        self.h = []
        for i in range(self.hidden_size):
            z = self.w1[i][0] * x[0] + self.w1[i][1] * x[1] + self.b1[i]
            self.z1.append(z)
            self.h.append(max(0.0, z))

        self.z2 = sum(self.w2[i] * self.h[i] for i in range(self.hidden_size)) + self.b2
        self.out = sigmoid(self.z2)
        return self.out

    def backward(self, target):
        if self.loss_type == "mse":
            d_loss = 2.0 * (self.out - target)
        else:
            eps = 1e-15
            p = max(eps, min(1 - eps, self.out))
            d_loss = -(target / p) + (1 - target) / (1 - p)

        d_sigmoid = self.out * (1 - self.out)
        d_out = d_loss * d_sigmoid

        for i in range(self.hidden_size):
            d_relu = 1.0 if self.z1[i] > 0 else 0.0
            d_h = d_out * self.w2[i] * d_relu
            self.w2[i] -= self.lr * d_out * self.h[i]
            for j in range(2):
                self.w1[i][j] -= self.lr * d_h * self.x[j]
            self.b1[i] -= self.lr * d_h
        self.b2 -= self.lr * d_out

    def compute_loss(self, pred, target):
        if self.loss_type == "mse":
            return (pred - target) ** 2
        else:
            eps = 1e-15
            p = max(eps, min(1 - eps, pred))
            return -(target * math.log(p) + (1 - target) * math.log(1 - p))

    def train(self, data, epochs=200):
        losses = []
        for epoch in range(epochs):
            total_loss = 0.0
            correct = 0
            for x, y in data:
                pred = self.forward(x)
                self.backward(y)
                total_loss += self.compute_loss(pred, y)
                if (pred >= 0.5) == (y >= 0.5):
                    correct += 1
            avg_loss = total_loss / len(data)
            accuracy = correct / len(data) * 100
            losses.append((avg_loss, accuracy))
            if epoch % 50 == 0 or epoch == epochs - 1:
                print(f"    Epoch {epoch:3d}: loss={avg_loss:.4f}, accuracy={accuracy:.1f}%")
        return losses

import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F

predictions = torch.tensor([0.9, 0.1, 0.7], requires_grad=True)
targets = torch.tensor([1.0, 0.0, 1.0])

mse_loss = F.mse_loss(predictions, targets)
bce_loss = F.binary_cross_entropy(predictions, targets)

logits = torch.randn(4, 10)
labels = torch.tensor([3, 7, 1, 9])
ce_loss = F.cross_entropy(logits, labels)
ce_smooth = F.cross_entropy(logits, labels, label_smoothing=0.1)