渐进检查和激活重计算

flops_fwd_normal = L * f_layer
flops_bwd_normal = 2 * L * f_layer
flops_total_normal = 3 * L * f_layer

flops_fwd_ckpt = L * f_layer
flops_recompute = L * f_layer  # one extra forward per layer in the segment
flops_bwd_ckpt = 2 * L * f_layer
flops_total_ckpt = 4 * L * f_layer
overhead = 4 / 3 - 1 = 0.33 = 33%

flops_recompute_selective = L * f_attention ~= L * f_layer * 0.15
overhead_selective = (3 + 0.15) / 3 - 1 = 0.05 = 5%

import numpy as np


def linear_forward(x, w, b):
    return x @ w + b


def relu(x):
    return np.maximum(x, 0)


def layer_forward(x, w1, b1, w2, b2):
    h = relu(linear_forward(x, w1, b1))
    return linear_forward(h, w2, b2)


def model_forward(x, params):
    activations = [x]
    h = x
    for w1, b1, w2, b2 in params:
        h = layer_forward(h, w1, b1, w2, b2)
        activations.append(h)
    return h, activations

def model_backward(grad_output, activations, params):
    grads = [None] * len(params)
    g = grad_output
    for i in range(len(params) - 1, -1, -1):
        w1, b1, w2, b2 = params[i]
        x_in = activations[i]
        h_pre = linear_forward(x_in, w1, b1)
        h = relu(h_pre)
        gh = g @ w2.T
        gw2 = h.T @ g
        gb2 = g.sum(axis=0)
        g_pre = gh * (h_pre > 0)
        gx = g_pre @ w1.T
        gw1 = x_in.T @ g_pre
        gb1 = g_pre.sum(axis=0)
        grads[i] = (gw1, gb1, gw2, gb2)
        g = gx
    return g, grads

def model_forward_checkpointed(x, params, k=4):
    saved_inputs = [x]
    h = x
    for i, (w1, b1, w2, b2) in enumerate(params):
        h = layer_forward(h, w1, b1, w2, b2)
        if (i + 1) % k == 0:
            saved_inputs.append(h)
    return h, saved_inputs


def model_backward_checkpointed(grad_output, saved_inputs, params, k=4):
    grads = [None] * len(params)
    g = grad_output
    segments = [(j * k, min((j + 1) * k, len(params))) for j in range(len(saved_inputs))]
    for seg_idx in range(len(saved_inputs) - 1, -1, -1):
        start, end = segments[seg_idx]
        if start >= end:
            continue
        x_in = saved_inputs[seg_idx]
        _, seg_acts = model_forward(x_in, params[start:end])
        g, seg_grads = model_backward(g, seg_acts, params[start:end])
        for j, gr in enumerate(seg_grads):
            grads[start + j] = gr
    return g, grads

def checkpoint_cost(n_layers, segment_size, flops_per_layer=1.0):
    fwd = n_layers * flops_per_layer
    recompute = n_layers * flops_per_layer
    bwd = 2 * n_layers * flops_per_layer
    return {
        "fwd": fwd,
        "recompute": recompute,
        "bwd": bwd,
        "total": fwd + recompute + bwd,
        "overhead_vs_no_ckpt": (fwd + recompute + bwd) / (fwd + bwd) - 1.0,
    }


def selective_checkpoint_cost(n_layers, attention_fraction=0.15,
                              flops_per_layer=1.0):
    fwd = n_layers * flops_per_layer
    recompute = n_layers * attention_fraction * flops_per_layer
    bwd = 2 * n_layers * flops_per_layer
    return {
        "fwd": fwd,
        "recompute": recompute,
        "bwd": bwd,
        "total": fwd + recompute + bwd,
        "overhead_vs_no_ckpt": (fwd + recompute + bwd) / (fwd + bwd) - 1.0,
    }

def activation_memory_mb(n_layers, hidden=8192, seq=8192,
                        batch=1, bytes_per_value=2):
    per_layer = 12 * batch * seq * hidden * bytes_per_value
    return n_layers * per_layer / 1e6


def memory_after_checkpoint(n_layers, segment_size, hidden=8192,
                           seq=8192, batch=1, bytes_per_value=2):
    n_seg = max(1, n_layers // segment_size)
    saved = (n_seg + segment_size) * 1 * batch * seq * hidden * bytes_per_value
    return saved / 1e6

def optimal_segment(n_layers):
    return int(round(np.sqrt(n_layers)))

def should_recompute(layer_type, activation_bytes, recompute_flops_ratio):
    if layer_type == "attention" and activation_bytes > 100 * 1e6:
        return True
    if layer_type == "ffn" and activation_bytes > 500 * 1e6:
        return recompute_flops_ratio < 0.1
    return False