量化:使模型适合

FP32:  [1 sign] [8 exponent] [23 mantissa]  = 32 bits
FP16:  [1 sign] [5 exponent] [10 mantissa]  = 16 bits
BF16:  [1 sign] [8 exponent] [7  mantissa]  = 16 bits
FP8:   [1 sign] [4 exponent] [3  mantissa]  = 8  bits (E4M3)
FP8:   [1 sign] [5 exponent] [2  mantissa]  = 8  bits (E5M2)
INT8:  [1 sign] [7 value]                   = 8  bits (uniform steps)
INT4:  [1 sign] [3 value]                   = 4  bits (16 levels total)

scale = max(abs(tensor)) / max_int_value
quantized = round(tensor / scale)

reconstructed = quantized * scale

scale = max(abs(tensor)) / 127
quantized = clamp(round(tensor / scale), -128, 127)

import numpy as np


def float_to_fp32_bits(value):
    bits = np.float32(value).view(np.uint32)
    sign = (bits >> 31) & 1
    exponent = (bits >> 23) & 0xFF
    mantissa = bits & 0x7FFFFF
    return {"sign": int(sign), "exponent": int(exponent), "mantissa": int(mantissa),
            "exponent_bits": format(int(exponent), '08b'),
            "mantissa_bits": format(int(mantissa), '023b'),
            "value": float(value),
            "actual_exponent": int(exponent) - 127}


def float_to_fp16_bits(value):
    fp16 = np.float16(value)
    bits = fp16.view(np.uint16)
    sign = (bits >> 15) & 1
    exponent = (bits >> 10) & 0x1F
    mantissa = bits & 0x3FF
    return {"sign": int(sign), "exponent": int(exponent), "mantissa": int(mantissa),
            "exponent_bits": format(int(exponent), '05b'),
            "mantissa_bits": format(int(mantissa), '010b'),
            "value": float(fp16),
            "actual_exponent": int(exponent) - 15}


def float_to_bf16_bits(value):
    fp32_bits = np.float32(value).view(np.uint32)
    bf16_bits = (fp32_bits >> 16).astype(np.uint16)
    sign = (bf16_bits >> 15) & 1
    exponent = (bf16_bits >> 7) & 0xFF
    mantissa = bf16_bits & 0x7F
    reconstructed = np.uint32(bf16_bits.astype(np.uint32) << 16).view(np.float32)
    return {"sign": int(sign), "exponent": int(exponent), "mantissa": int(mantissa),
            "exponent_bits": format(int(exponent), '08b'),
            "mantissa_bits": format(int(mantissa), '07b'),
            "value": float(reconstructed),
            "actual_exponent": int(exponent) - 127}


def simulate_fp8_e4m3(value):
    sign = 1 if value < 0 else 0
    abs_val = abs(value)
    max_val = 448.0
    abs_val = min(abs_val, max_val)
    if abs_val == 0:
        return {"sign": sign, "exponent": 0, "mantissa": 0, "value": 0.0,
                "exponent_bits": "0000", "mantissa_bits": "000"}
    exp = int(np.floor(np.log2(abs_val)))
    exp = max(-6, min(8, exp))
    mantissa_val = abs_val / (2.0 ** exp) - 1.0
    mantissa_quant = round(mantissa_val * 8) / 8
    mantissa_quant = max(0, min(0.875, mantissa_quant))
    reconstructed = (1.0 + mantissa_quant) * (2.0 ** exp)
    if sign:
        reconstructed = -reconstructed
    mantissa_int = int(round(mantissa_quant * 8))
    return {"sign": sign, "exponent": exp + 7, "mantissa": mantissa_int,
            "exponent_bits": format(exp + 7, '04b'),
            "mantissa_bits": format(mantissa_int, '03b'),
            "value": float(reconstructed),
            "actual_exponent": exp}


def display_format_comparison(value):
    fp32 = float_to_fp32_bits(value)
    fp16 = float_to_fp16_bits(value)
    bf16 = float_to_bf16_bits(value)
    fp8 = simulate_fp8_e4m3(value)

    print(f"\n  Value: {value}")
    print(f"  {'Format':<8} {'Stored Value':>14} {'Error':>12} {'Sign':>5} {'Exp Bits':>10} {'Man Bits':>25}")
    print(f"  {'-'*76}")
    print(f"  {'FP32':<8} {fp32['value']:>14.6f} {abs(fp32['value'] - value):>12.8f} {fp32['sign']:>5} {fp32['exponent_bits']:>10} {fp32['mantissa_bits']:>25}")
    print(f"  {'FP16':<8} {fp16['value']:>14.6f} {abs(fp16['value'] - value):>12.8f} {fp16['sign']:>5} {fp16['exponent_bits']:>10} {fp16['mantissa_bits']:>25}")
    print(f"  {'BF16':<8} {bf16['value']:>14.6f} {abs(bf16['value'] - value):>12.8f} {bf16['sign']:>5} {bf16['exponent_bits']:>10} {bf16['mantissa_bits']:>25}")
    print(f"  {'FP8e4m3':<8} {fp8['value']:>14.6f} {abs(fp8['value'] - value):>12.8f} {fp8['sign']:>5} {fp8['exponent_bits']:>10} {fp8['mantissa_bits']:>25}")

def quantize_symmetric(tensor, num_bits=8):
    qmin = -(2 ** (num_bits - 1))
    qmax = 2 ** (num_bits - 1) - 1
    abs_max = np.max(np.abs(tensor))
    if abs_max == 0:
        return np.zeros_like(tensor, dtype=np.int32), 1.0
    scale = abs_max / qmax
    quantized = np.clip(np.round(tensor / scale), qmin, qmax).astype(np.int32)
    return quantized, float(scale)


def dequantize_symmetric(quantized, scale):
    return quantized.astype(np.float64) * scale


def quantize_per_channel(tensor, num_bits=8, axis=0):
    qmin = -(2 ** (num_bits - 1))
    qmax = 2 ** (num_bits - 1) - 1

    if axis == 0:
        abs_max = np.max(np.abs(tensor), axis=1, keepdims=True)
    else:
        abs_max = np.max(np.abs(tensor), axis=0, keepdims=True)

    abs_max = np.where(abs_max == 0, 1.0, abs_max)
    scales = abs_max / qmax
    quantized = np.clip(np.round(tensor / scales), qmin, qmax).astype(np.int32)
    return quantized, scales.squeeze()


def dequantize_per_channel(quantized, scales, axis=0):
    if axis == 0:
        return quantized.astype(np.float64) * scales.reshape(-1, 1)
    else:
        return quantized.astype(np.float64) * scales.reshape(1, -1)


def quantize_asymmetric(tensor, num_bits=8):
    qmin = 0
    qmax = 2 ** num_bits - 1
    t_min = np.min(tensor)
    t_max = np.max(tensor)
    if t_max == t_min:
        return np.zeros_like(tensor, dtype=np.int32), 1.0, 0
    scale = (t_max - t_min) / (qmax - qmin)
    zero_point = int(np.round(qmin - t_min / scale))
    zero_point = max(qmin, min(qmax, zero_point))
    quantized = np.clip(np.round(tensor / scale + zero_point), qmin, qmax).astype(np.int32)
    return quantized, float(scale), int(zero_point)


def dequantize_asymmetric(quantized, scale, zero_point):
    return (quantized.astype(np.float64) - zero_point) * scale

def quantization_error(original, reconstructed):
    diff = original - reconstructed
    mse = float(np.mean(diff ** 2))
    rmse = float(np.sqrt(mse))
    max_error = float(np.max(np.abs(diff)))
    signal_power = float(np.mean(original ** 2))
    snr_db = 10 * np.log10(signal_power / max(mse, 1e-20))

    orig_flat = original.flatten()
    recon_flat = reconstructed.flatten()
    norm_orig = np.linalg.norm(orig_flat)
    norm_recon = np.linalg.norm(recon_flat)
    if norm_orig == 0 or norm_recon == 0:
        cosine_sim = 0.0
    else:
        cosine_sim = float(np.dot(orig_flat, recon_flat) / (norm_orig * norm_recon))

    return {"mse": mse, "rmse": rmse, "max_error": max_error,
            "snr_db": float(snr_db), "cosine_similarity": cosine_sim}


def compare_quantization_methods(tensor, num_bits=8):
    q_pt, s_pt = quantize_symmetric(tensor, num_bits)
    recon_pt = dequantize_symmetric(q_pt, s_pt)
    err_pt = quantization_error(tensor, recon_pt)

    q_pc, s_pc = quantize_per_channel(tensor, num_bits, axis=0)
    recon_pc = dequantize_per_channel(q_pc, s_pc, axis=0)
    err_pc = quantization_error(tensor, recon_pc)

    q_asym, s_asym, zp = quantize_asymmetric(tensor, num_bits)
    recon_asym = dequantize_asymmetric(q_asym, s_asym, zp)
    err_asym = quantization_error(tensor, recon_asym)

    print(f"\n  Quantization Comparison ({num_bits}-bit, tensor shape {tensor.shape}):")
    print(f"  {'Method':<20} {'MSE':>12} {'SNR (dB)':>10} {'Cosine Sim':>12} {'Max Error':>12}")
    print(f"  {'-'*68}")
    print(f"  {'Per-tensor sym':<20} {err_pt['mse']:>12.8f} {err_pt['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err_pt['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f} {err_pt['max_error']:>12.8f}")
    print(f"  {'Per-channel sym':<20} {err_pc['mse']:>12.8f} {err_pc['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err_pc['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f} {err_pc['max_error']:>12.8f}")
    print(f"  {'Asymmetric':<20} {err_asym['mse']:>12.8f} {err_asym['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err_asym['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f} {err_asym['max_error']:>12.8f}")

    return {"per_tensor": err_pt, "per_channel": err_pc, "asymmetric": err_asym}

def bit_width_sweep(tensor):
    print(f"\n  Bit-Width Sweep (tensor shape {tensor.shape}):")
    print(f"  {'Bits':>6} {'Levels':>8} {'MSE':>14} {'SNR (dB)':>10} {'Cosine Sim':>12} {'Compression':>12}")
    print(f"  {'-'*64}")

    results = []
    for bits in [2, 3, 4, 8, 16]:
        q, s = quantize_per_channel(tensor, bits, axis=0)
        recon = dequantize_per_channel(q, s, axis=0)
        err = quantization_error(tensor, recon)
        levels = 2 ** bits
        compression = 32.0 / bits

        print(f"  {bits:>6} {levels:>8} {err['mse']:>14.8f} {err['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f} {compression:>11.1f}x")
        results.append({"bits": bits, "levels": levels, "error": err, "compression": compression})

    return results

def simulate_transformer_layer(input_data, weights, kv_scale=1.0):
    hidden = input_data @ weights["qkv"]
    seq_len = hidden.shape[1]
    d_model = weights["qkv"].shape[1] // 3
    q, k, v = hidden[:, :, :d_model], hidden[:, :, d_model:2*d_model], hidden[:, :, 2*d_model:]

    attn_scores = (q @ k.transpose(0, 2, 1)) / np.sqrt(d_model) * kv_scale
    attn_max = np.max(attn_scores, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
    attn_exp = np.exp(attn_scores - attn_max)
    attn_weights = attn_exp / np.sum(attn_exp, axis=-1, keepdims=True)

    attn_output = attn_weights @ v
    output = attn_output @ weights["out"]
    return output, {"q": q, "k": k, "v": v, "attn_scores": attn_scores,
                    "attn_weights": attn_weights, "attn_output": attn_output}


def sensitivity_experiment(batch_size=2, seq_len=16, d_model=64, num_bits=8):
    np.random.seed(42)
    input_data = np.random.randn(batch_size, seq_len, d_model) * 0.1

    weights = {
        "qkv": np.random.randn(d_model, 3 * d_model) * (2.0 / d_model) ** 0.5,
        "out": np.random.randn(d_model, d_model) * (2.0 / d_model) ** 0.5,
    }

    baseline_output, baseline_internals = simulate_transformer_layer(input_data, weights)

    experiments = {}

    q_qkv, s_qkv = quantize_per_channel(weights["qkv"], num_bits, axis=0)
    q_out, s_out = quantize_per_channel(weights["out"], num_bits, axis=0)
    quantized_weights = {
        "qkv": dequantize_per_channel(q_qkv, s_qkv, axis=0),
        "out": dequantize_per_channel(q_out, s_out, axis=0),
    }
    weight_quant_output, _ = simulate_transformer_layer(input_data, quantized_weights)
    experiments["Weights only"] = quantization_error(baseline_output, weight_quant_output)

    _, fresh_internals = simulate_transformer_layer(input_data, weights)
    q_act, s_act = quantize_per_channel(
        fresh_internals["attn_output"].reshape(-1, d_model), num_bits, axis=0
    )
    quant_attn_out = dequantize_per_channel(q_act, s_act, axis=0).reshape(batch_size, seq_len, d_model)
    act_quant_output = quant_attn_out @ weights["out"]
    experiments["Activations only"] = quantization_error(baseline_output, act_quant_output)

    q_k, s_k = quantize_per_channel(fresh_internals["k"].reshape(-1, d_model), num_bits, axis=0)
    q_v, s_v = quantize_per_channel(fresh_internals["v"].reshape(-1, d_model), num_bits, axis=0)
    quant_k = dequantize_per_channel(q_k, s_k, axis=0).reshape(batch_size, seq_len, d_model)
    quant_v = dequantize_per_channel(q_v, s_v, axis=0).reshape(batch_size, seq_len, d_model)
    attn_scores_kv = (fresh_internals["q"] @ quant_k.transpose(0, 2, 1)) / np.sqrt(d_model)
    attn_max_kv = np.max(attn_scores_kv, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
    attn_exp_kv = np.exp(attn_scores_kv - attn_max_kv)
    attn_weights_kv = attn_exp_kv / np.sum(attn_exp_kv, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
    kv_quant_output = (attn_weights_kv @ quant_v) @ weights["out"]
    experiments["KV cache only"] = quantization_error(baseline_output, kv_quant_output)

    noise_scale = np.std(fresh_internals["attn_scores"]) * 0.05
    noisy_scores = fresh_internals["attn_scores"] + np.random.randn(*fresh_internals["attn_scores"].shape) * noise_scale
    noisy_max = np.max(noisy_scores, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
    noisy_exp = np.exp(noisy_scores - noisy_max)
    noisy_weights = noisy_exp / np.sum(noisy_exp, axis=-1, keepdims=True)
    attn_quant_output = (noisy_weights @ fresh_internals["v"]) @ weights["out"]
    experiments["Attention logits (5% noise)"] = quantization_error(baseline_output, attn_quant_output)

    print(f"\n  Sensitivity Experiment ({num_bits}-bit quantization):")
    print(f"  {'Component':<30} {'MSE':>14} {'SNR (dB)':>10} {'Cosine Sim':>12}")
    print(f"  {'-'*68}")
    for name, err in sorted(experiments.items(), key=lambda x: x[1]["mse"]):
        print(f"  {name:<30} {err['mse']:>14.8f} {err['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f}")

    return experiments

def simulated_gptq(weight_matrix, calibration_inputs, num_bits=4):
    n_in, n_out = weight_matrix.shape
    qmin = -(2 ** (num_bits - 1))
    qmax = 2 ** (num_bits - 1) - 1

    H = np.zeros((n_in, n_in))
    for x in calibration_inputs:
        x = x.reshape(-1, 1) if x.ndim == 1 else x
        for row in range(x.shape[0]):
            xi = x[row].reshape(-1, 1)
            H += xi @ xi.T
    H /= len(calibration_inputs)
    H += np.eye(n_in) * 1e-4

    weight_importance = np.diag(H)

    quantized = np.zeros_like(weight_matrix, dtype=np.int32)
    scales = np.zeros(n_out)
    errors = np.zeros(n_out)

    W = weight_matrix.copy()

    for col in range(n_out):
        w_col = W[:, col]
        abs_max = np.max(np.abs(w_col))
        if abs_max == 0:
            scales[col] = 1.0
            continue
        scale = abs_max / qmax
        scales[col] = scale

        q_col = np.clip(np.round(w_col / scale), qmin, qmax).astype(np.int32)
        quantized[:, col] = q_col

        quant_error = w_col - q_col * scale
        errors[col] = np.sqrt(np.mean(quant_error ** 2))

        if col < n_out - 1:
            importance_weights = weight_importance / (np.max(weight_importance) + 1e-10)
            for next_col in range(col + 1, min(col + 4, n_out)):
                compensation = quant_error * importance_weights * 0.1
                W[:, next_col] += compensation

    return quantized, scales, {"column_errors": errors,
                               "mean_error": float(np.mean(errors)),
                               "max_error": float(np.max(errors))}


def dequantize_gptq(quantized, scales):
    result = np.zeros_like(quantized, dtype=np.float64)
    for col in range(quantized.shape[1]):
        result[:, col] = quantized[:, col] * scales[col]
    return result

def simulated_awq(weight_matrix, calibration_inputs, num_bits=4, salient_fraction=0.01):
    n_in, n_out = weight_matrix.shape
    qmin = -(2 ** (num_bits - 1))
    qmax = 2 ** (num_bits - 1) - 1

    activation_magnitudes = np.zeros(n_in)
    for x in calibration_inputs:
        if x.ndim == 1:
            activation_magnitudes += np.abs(x)
        else:
            activation_magnitudes += np.mean(np.abs(x), axis=0)
    activation_magnitudes /= len(calibration_inputs)

    n_salient = max(1, int(n_in * salient_fraction))
    salient_indices = np.argsort(activation_magnitudes)[-n_salient:]

    scale_factors = np.ones(n_in)
    for idx in salient_indices:
        col_max = np.max(np.abs(weight_matrix[idx, :]))
        if col_max > 0:
            scale_factors[idx] = min(4.0, 1.0 / (col_max + 1e-8) * np.mean(np.abs(weight_matrix)))

    scaled_weights = weight_matrix * scale_factors.reshape(-1, 1)

    quantized, scales = quantize_per_channel(scaled_weights, num_bits, axis=0)
    dequantized = dequantize_per_channel(quantized, scales, axis=0)

    result = dequantized / scale_factors.reshape(-1, 1)

    err = quantization_error(weight_matrix, result)

    return result, {"salient_indices": salient_indices,
                    "scale_factors": scale_factors[salient_indices],
                    "error": err,
                    "n_salient": n_salient}

def full_quantization_comparison(d_in=256, d_out=512, num_bits=4, n_calibration=32):
    np.random.seed(42)

    weight = np.random.randn(d_in, d_out) * 0.02
    outlier_rows = np.random.choice(d_in, size=5, replace=False)
    weight[outlier_rows] *= 10

    calibration = [np.random.randn(8, d_in) * 0.1 for _ in range(n_calibration)]

    q_naive, s_naive = quantize_symmetric(weight, num_bits)
    recon_naive = dequantize_symmetric(q_naive, s_naive)
    err_naive = quantization_error(weight, recon_naive)

    q_pc, s_pc = quantize_per_channel(weight, num_bits, axis=0)
    recon_pc = dequantize_per_channel(q_pc, s_pc, axis=0)
    err_pc = quantization_error(weight, recon_pc)

    q_gptq, s_gptq, gptq_info = simulated_gptq(weight, calibration, num_bits)
    recon_gptq = dequantize_gptq(q_gptq, s_gptq)
    err_gptq = quantization_error(weight, recon_gptq)

    recon_awq, awq_info = simulated_awq(weight, calibration, num_bits)
    err_awq = awq_info["error"]

    print(f"\n  Full Quantization Comparison ({num_bits}-bit, {d_in}x{d_out} matrix)")
    print(f"  Matrix has {len(outlier_rows)} outlier rows (10x scale)")
    print()
    print(f"  {'Method':<20} {'MSE':>14} {'SNR (dB)':>10} {'Cosine Sim':>12}")
    print(f"  {'-'*58}")
    print(f"  {'Naive per-tensor':<20} {err_naive['mse']:>14.8f} {err_naive['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err_naive['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f}")
    print(f"  {'Per-channel':<20} {err_pc['mse']:>14.8f} {err_pc['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err_pc['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f}")
    print(f"  {'Simulated GPTQ':<20} {err_gptq['mse']:>14.8f} {err_gptq['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err_gptq['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f}")
    print(f"  {'Simulated AWQ':<20} {err_awq['mse']:>14.8f} {err_awq['snr_db']:>10.2f} {err_awq['cosine_similarity']:>12.8f}")

    test_input = np.random.randn(4, d_in) * 0.1
    baseline = test_input @ weight
    output_naive = test_input @ recon_naive
    output_pc = test_input @ recon_pc
    output_gptq = test_input @ recon_gptq
    output_awq = test_input @ recon_awq

    print(f"\n  End-to-End Output Error (matmul with test input):")
    print(f"  {'Method':<20} {'Output MSE':>14} {'Output Cosine':>14}")
    print(f"  {'-'*50}")
    for name, output in [("Naive", output_naive), ("Per-channel", output_pc),
                          ("GPTQ", output_gptq), ("AWQ", output_awq)]:
        out_err = quantization_error(baseline, output)
        print(f"  {name:<20} {out_err['mse']:>14.8f} {out_err['cosine_similarity']:>14.8f}")

    return {"naive": err_naive, "per_channel": err_pc, "gptq": err_gptq, "awq": err_awq}


def memory_calculator(num_params_billions, bits_per_param):
    bytes_per_param = bits_per_param / 8
    total_bytes = num_params_billions * 1e9 * bytes_per_param
    total_gb = total_bytes / (1024 ** 3)
    return total_gb


def print_memory_table():
    print("\n  Memory Requirements by Model and Precision:")
    print(f"  {'Model':<15} {'FP32':>8} {'FP16':>8} {'FP8':>8} {'INT8':>8} {'INT4':>8} {'INT2':>8}")
    print(f"  {'-'*64}")
    for name, params in [("7B", 7), ("13B", 13), ("34B", 34), ("70B", 70), ("405B", 405)]:
        fp32 = memory_calculator(params, 32)
        fp16 = memory_calculator(params, 16)
        fp8 = memory_calculator(params, 8)
        int8 = memory_calculator(params, 8)
        int4 = memory_calculator(params, 4)
        int2 = memory_calculator(params, 2)
        print(f"  {name:<15} {fp32:>7.1f}G {fp16:>7.1f}G {fp8:>7.1f}G {int8:>7.1f}G {int4:>7.1f}G {int2:>7.1f}G")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    np.random.seed(42)

    print("=" * 70)
    print("QUANTIZATION: MAKING MODELS FIT")
    print("=" * 70)

    print("\nSTEP 1: Number Format Comparison")
    print("-" * 50)
    for val in [0.1, 3.14159, -0.00073, 42.5, 0.0000012]:
        display_format_comparison(val)

    print("\n\nSTEP 2: Memory Requirements")
    print("-" * 50)
    print_memory_table()

    print("\n\nSTEP 3: Quantization Methods Comparison")
    print("-" * 50)
    weight_matrix = np.random.randn(128, 256) * 0.02
    weight_matrix[0] *= 15
    weight_matrix[42] *= 8
    compare_quantization_methods(weight_matrix, num_bits=8)
    compare_quantization_methods(weight_matrix, num_bits=4)

    print("\n\nSTEP 4: Bit-Width Sweep")
    print("-" * 50)
    sweep_tensor = np.random.randn(64, 128) * 0.05
    bit_width_sweep(sweep_tensor)

    print("\n\nSTEP 5: Sensitivity Experiment")
    print("-" * 50)
    print("\n  INT8:")
    sensitivity_experiment(num_bits=8)
    print("\n  INT4:")
    sensitivity_experiment(num_bits=4)

    print("\n\nSTEP 6: GPTQ vs AWQ vs Naive (INT4)")
    print("-" * 50)
    full_quantization_comparison(d_in=256, d_out=512, num_bits=4)

    print("\n\nSTEP 7: Distribution Analysis")
    print("-" * 50)
    np.random.seed(0)
    simulated_weights = np.random.randn(1000) * 0.02
    abs_vals = np.abs(simulated_weights)
    pct_in_range = np.mean(abs_vals < 0.1) * 100
    print(f"\n  Simulated weight distribution (1000 params, std=0.02):")
    print(f"  Weights in [-0.1, 0.1]: {pct_in_range:.1f}%")
    print(f"  Weights in [-0.05, 0.05]: {np.mean(abs_vals < 0.05) * 100:.1f}%")
    print(f"  Weights in [-0.01, 0.01]: {np.mean(abs_vals < 0.01) * 100:.1f}%")
    print(f"  Max absolute value: {np.max(abs_vals):.6f}")
    print(f"  Mean absolute value: {np.mean(abs_vals):.6f}")

    histogram = np.histogram(simulated_weights, bins=20)
    print(f"\n  Weight histogram:")
    max_count = max(histogram[0])
    for i in range(len(histogram[0])):
        bar_len = int(histogram[0][i] / max_count * 40)
        lo = histogram[1][i]
        hi = histogram[1][i + 1]
        print(f"  [{lo:>7.4f}, {hi:>7.4f}] {'#' * bar_len} ({histogram[0][i]})")

    print("\n\n" + "=" * 70)
    print("DONE")
    print("=" * 70)

# pip install gptqmodel
# from gptqmodel import GPTQConfig, GPTQModel
#
# model_id = "meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B"
# quant_config = GPTQConfig(bits=4, group_size=128)
#
# model = GPTQModel.load(model_id, quant_config)
# model.quantize(calibration_texts[:128], batch_size=1)
# model.save("llama-8b-gptq-int4")

# pip install llmcompressor
# from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
# from llmcompressor import oneshot
# from llmcompressor.modifiers.quantization import QuantizationModifier
# from llmcompressor.modifiers.transform.awq import AWQModifier
#
# model_id = "meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B"
# model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
# tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
#
# recipe = [
#     AWQModifier(duo_scaling="both"),
#     QuantizationModifier(ignore=["lm_head"], scheme="W4A16_ASYM", targets=["Linear"]),
# ]
# oneshot(
#     model=model,
#     dataset="perfectblend",
#     splits="train[:512]",
#     recipe=recipe,
#     max_seq_length=512,
#     num_calibration_samples=256,
# )
# model.save_pretrained("llama-8b-awq-int4", save_compressed=True)
# tokenizer.save_pretrained("llama-8b-awq-int4")

# git clone https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp
# cmake -S llama.cpp -B llama.cpp/build && cmake --build llama.cpp/build --config Release
# pip install -r llama.cpp/requirements.txt
# hf download meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B --local-dir Llama-3.1-8B
# python llama.cpp/convert_hf_to_gguf.py Llama-3.1-8B --outtype f16 --outfile llama-8b-f16.gguf
# llama.cpp/build/bin/llama-quantize llama-8b-f16.gguf llama-8b-q4km.gguf Q4_K_M
# llama.cpp/build/bin/llama-server -m llama-8b-q4km.gguf -c 4096 -ngl 99

# pip install vllm
# vllm serve llama-8b-awq-int4 --max-model-len 8192